Introduction to the Particle Theory of Matter (2024)

Shown is a colour diagram of two different atoms with blue spheres shown along concentric rings around a clump of red and orange spheres at the centre. The atom on the left is labelled "Oxygen Atom" This has a clump of orange spheres and red spheres with plus signs at the centre. Eight blue spheres with minus signs are neatly arranged along two concentric blue circles around it. The atom on the right is labelled "Water Molecule." The main part of this diagram has the same amount of spheres and circles as the first. But there are two additional red spheres with plus signs. These are in the top left and right corners. Each one is surrounded by an additional blue circle with one blue sphere with a minus sign. These overlap the edges of the larger circle below.

Shown is a colour diagram of three different atoms with blue spheres shown along concentric rings around a clump of red and orange spheres at the centre. The atom on the left is labelled "Carbon Atom" This has a clump of orange spheres and red spheres with plus signs at the centre. Six blue spheres with minus signs are neatly arranged along two concentric blue circles around it. The atom in the middle is labelled "Nitrogen Atom." This has a clump of orange spheres and red spheres with plus signs at the centre. Seven blue spheres with minus signs are neatly arranged along two concentric blue circles around it. The atom on the right is labelled "Oxygen Atom" This has a clump of orange spheres and red spheres with plus signs at the centre. Eight blue spheres with minus signs are neatly arranged along two concentric blue circles around it.

Shown is a colour illustration of three different kinds of matter above diagrams of their atoms. Starting on the left, the first illustration is labelled "Diamond." It shows a gold ring topped with a large, clear gem on a red background. Below, atoms are represented as pink spheres connected by small blue sticks. These are arranged in a neat diamond pattern, like a chain link fence. Text below reads "Atoms in a solid." In the middle is an illustration labelled "Glass of Juice." It shows a clear glass of orange juice against a pink background. Below, atoms are piled together, filling the bottom of an open blue box shape that resembles the glass. Some spheres appear to be touching each other, but there is space between others. Text below reads "Atoms in a liquid." On the right is an illustration labelled "Air." This shows a white airplane flying in a blue sky. Below, atoms float loosely in a blue rectangle, with lots of space between them. Text below reads "Atoms in a gas."

Shown is a colour diagram illustrating the speed and temperature of particles along a scale from colder to warmer. A thick horizontal stripe runs across the bottom edge. This is blue on the left side, and gradually changes to purple, then pink on the right. The left end is labelled "Slower" on top, and "Colder" below. The right end is labelled "Faster" on top, and "Warmer" below. Three black circles are spaced out along the scale. Each one contains round, coloured circles to represent particles. These have translucent tails that indicate the speed of their movement. The left circle has blue particles with short, wide tails. These match the blue, colder end of the scale. The middle circle has purple particles with longer, narrower tails. These match the middle part of the scale. The right circle has pink particles with even longer, narrower tails. These match the pink, warmer end of the scale.